As a genealogist, I often get questions from patrons about differences in given names. For example, are Ellen Turner and Nellie Turner the same person? What was her "real" name? What about Ann Coe and Nancy Coe? (The answer, in both cases, is yes, they were the same person.)
There are quite a few nicknames, for females in particular, that were historically used interchangeably with what might be considered the "true" given (or Christian) name today. These nicknames were so common and widespread that at the time there would have been no question as to whether or not they were referring the same individual. A birth might be recorded under the name Ann, the marriage might appear under Nancy, and the death record might show Ann again – but these all referred to the same person. Some of these variations are obvious (or still around today), others less so. Of course, there are also regional variations, and variations based on the language spoken at home.
In general, there was more variation among female names than male names, and there were generally more nicknames associated with female names, as well. These trends seem to persist today.
Putting together a complete list of these variations would make for a very long blog post – and it's been done by others before. In fact, there is a whole field of study that examines the names of both people and places, which is called "onomastics." Nonetheless, this question about nicknames is such a common one that I put together a short list of the most common given name and nickname combinations I've come across. These are some of most frequent female name variations you'll see while doing eighteenth- to early twentieth-century research among English-speakers in the U.S.:
Abigail/Abby, Nabby
Ann(e), Anna/Annie, Nan, Nancy
Bridget/Biddie, Biddy, Della, Delia
Dorothy/Dolly, Dot, Dotha, Dottie
Elizabeth/Bess, Bessie, Betsy, Betty, Eliza, Libby, Liza, Lizzie
Ellen/Nell, Nellie (sometimes interchangeable with Eleanor, Eleanora, Helen, or Helena)
Frances/Fanny, Frankie, Franny
Jane/Gincey, Jennie (sometimes interchangeable with Jean or Janet)
Margaret/Daisy, Madge, Maggie, Meg, Peg, Peggy
Martha/Mattie, Patsy, Patty
Mary/Mamie, Molly, Polly
Sarah/Sally
Of course, this doesn’t mean that Ann Coe and Nancy Coe are necessarily the same person. Comparing age, place of birth, place of residence, the names of relatives, and other details should of course be done in order to confirm this. Knowing that certain names had common nicknames or variations just gets you a little closer to solving the puzzle!
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You can read more about female nicknames and name variations in the following resources:
“A Listing of Some Nicknames Used in the 18th & 19th Centuries,” Connecticut State Library, https://ctstatelibrary.org/access-services/nicknames/.
Christine Rose, Nicknames Past and Present, 5th ed. (San Jose, Calif., 2007).
Dennis A. Hogan, “Given Name Alternatives for Irish Research,” http://content.bandzoogle.com/users/dennisahogan/files/GivenNameAlternatives.pdf.
Donald Lines Jacobus, “Nicknames in New England,” The American Genealogist 45 [1969]: 78-81.
E.G. Withycombe, The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1959).
“Female Ancestor First Names and Nicknames (+ Searchable Guide),” Family Tree Magazine, https://www.familytreemagazine.com/female-ancestors/female-first-names-nicknames/.
Leonard R. Ashley, What’s in a Name ... Everything You Wanted to Know (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1989).
The archives of the journal NAMES: A Journal of Onomastics are available online here: https://www.americannamesociety.org/the-journal/.
